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If you have written a document that you intend to publish or circulate in the public arena, it needs to be presented so those readers will read and understand it.

Whether your document is a report, policy, article or newsletter, or a manuscript of a novel or non-fiction book, it needs to be self-edited it until you are satisfied that it is as clearly written as possible.

Then it is ready for the next task: editing.

The editor’s role

The editor is essentially an advocate for the reader. The editor’s job is to make sure the document is clear, engaging and able to be understood by the reader, so that the reader continues reading it, right to the very end.

Generally speaking, the editor’s role is to make all the corrections or improvements necessary to ensure the document is presented consistently, clearly, and at the standard expected.

The editor may need to correct (or make recommendations about) the structure, the order in which information or chapters are presented, or the style or point of view.

The editor needs to correct grammar, spelling and punctuation as per the client’s or publisher’s guidelines.

The different stages of editing

The stages of editing include the structural edit; rough copy edit (line editing, fact checking and other tasks); fine or final copy edit. For publications, this is followed by the graphic design and final proof reading stages, and checking the ‘final proof’ prior to publication.

The different stages of editing are sometimes called different names. For example, ‘structural editing’ is often referred to as ‘developmental editing’. The ‘rough’ copy edit is sometimes called the ‘line edit’. Fact-checking may or may not be required and may or may not need a separate pass, in addition to the other editing passes. Some people call the final copy edit, a ‘proof read’.

The number of editing passes required

The number of editing passes required by a professional editor will always depend on how well the document has been self-edited by the author, and the target audience or intended use of the document.

For example, if the document is not going to be published but is for internal use only, it may not have to be edited to the level of a publication.

Each stage requires at least one editing ‘pass’ (going through the document once).

Manuscripts intended for publication usually need at least two editing ‘passes’ before the manuscript is at the near-perfect stage needed prior to the graphic design stage; and they always need to be proofread after they have been designed.

Documents such as reports, articles or policies may only need to be copy edited (which will need one or two editing passes).

Regardless of how many editing passes are needed, the below tasks must be completed prior to the document being either 1) designed and proofread before being published, or 2) submitted (as a Word document) to its target audience.

Structural editing

• This is the first stage of editing, also called substantive or developmental editing.
• This level of editing is not needed for manuscripts that are structurally sound, and may not be needed for reports, articles or theses.
• One or more editing pass required.
• Go to: Structural editing

Copy editing – first pass/es (line editing)

• Line editing comprises the first passes of the copy editing stage. Some people call it ‘rough editing’.
• This level of editing is always required for manuscripts (either fiction or non-fiction), but may not be required for reports, articles or other documents, depending on how well they have been self-edited, and whether or not they are intended for publication.
• One or more editing passes required.
• Go to: Line editing. 

Copy editing – subsequent pass/es

• This is the final copy editing pass, prior to the document being either distributed (if it’s not going to be published), or designed, proof read and published. This is also called ‘fine copy editing’.
• This pass is always required for all documents whether they are manuscripts or articles destined for publication or policies or reports to be used in-house.
• The role of the editor during this pass is to create an error-free document that is as perfect as possible, given the margin for human error.
• One editing pass is the norm for the final copy edit, although if the document has not been line edited properly, another ‘final’ copy editing pass will be required.
• Go to: Copy editing.

Note: for information about the different programs used for writing, editing, designing and proofreading publications go to: Self-publishing: formats.

For more articles about editing and proofreading, go to:

• Editing and proofreading
• Why editing is essential

Image: Australian Style Manual, photo by Sally-Anne Watson Kane